Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum for Aircraft an Example of the Topic Economics Essays by

Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum for Aircraft Abstract Because of the dramatic increase in air traffic over the past decade, aviation organizations in the United States and other internationally based counterparts find ways to prevent congestion on routes with high traffic incidents. In order to do this, RVSM is proposed. RVSM or Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum is the reduction of the vertical separation from current 2,000-ft. minimum to 1,000-ft. minimum of the FL 290. After a thorough study, the ICAO Review of General Concept of Separation Panel (RGCSP) concluded that it is technically feasible to implement the 1,000-ft. separation standard safely (Federal Aviation Administration [FAA], 2005). Since its implementation, there is a remarkable 28% decline on operational errors in the airspace in which RVSM is applied. Also, fuel costs are decreasing significantly due to more efficient altitudes at which the planes are flying. Not only that, there is a reduction in the number of conflicts; situations wherein a plane has to move laterally or vertically as ordered by the controller (Federal Aviation Administration [FAA], 2008). These results suggest that the new separation standard of 1,000-ft. minimum besides being as safe is more effective than that of the previous vertical separation of 2,000-ft. minimum. Need essay sample on "Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum for Aircraft" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum for Aircraft Our Customers Often Tell EssayLab professionals: Who wants to write paper for me? Specialists suggest: Find Brilliant Papers For Sale Here In 1988, ICAO completed a study that concluded the feasibility of the safe implementation of the 1000-ft. separation standard. The study was conducted due to the arising problem of flight- level congestion in airspaces with high traffic incidents. Before the RSVM implementation, the standard vertical separation for altitudes between 29,000 and 41,000 is 2,000-ft (FAA, 2008). The pressure altimeters accuracy decreases with height and this instrument is used in aircrafts to determine their level, so that is why the standard vertical separation implemented before was 2,000-ft. But over the years, when altimeters were combined with air data computers (ADC), they become more accurate. Maintaining a set level using autopilots is also more easier nowadays. These developments led to question the 2,000-ft. separation for many modern aircrafts. Given the technology nowadays, it became apparent that the existing separation standard is too cautious. Therefore the proposal to reduce it to 1,000-f t. was made by ICAO. Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) between FL 290 FI 410 has already been implemented in European Airspace since January 24, 2002. The purpose of this is to prevent flight-level congestions, thus optimizing flight profiles (Jeppesen Sanderson, Incorporated [JSI], 2000). In North America, RSVM airspace has only been implemented recently (ARINC Incorporated, 2008). Approval for RVSM Operations Before an aircraft can have the permission to operate within the EUR RVSM Airspace, it would have to pass the standards of the RVSM first. In order to have the approval of the responsible authority, the aircraft operators need to achieve two things. First is that granted all types of aircraft have received airworthiness approval. Meaning each one of them has complied with Minimum Aircraft System Performance Specification (MASPS). Second is the states approval regarding the operations manual together with the maintenance procedures, which are specific to the operations of RVSM (JSI, 2000). There are exclusions from the RVSM MASPS such as state aircraft. But they can still be accommodated within the EUR RVSM Airspace with the provision that the 2000-ft. minimum vertical separation between such aircraft and all other IFR aircraft is maintained by ATC. STS/NONRVSM is filled by state aircraft for special handling request in Field 18 of the ICAO FPL (JSI, 2000). Height Monitoring Principles There are two types of equipments used to monitor the height keeping performance of aircraft in the EUR RVSM Airspace. These two are the Height Monitoring Units (HMUs), with a coverage of 45 NM and GPS Monitoring Units (GPUs). HMUs are fixed ground based height-monitoring facilities at Linz (N48 12 E014 18), Nattenheim (N49 57 E006 28) and Geneva (N46 22 E005 56). Without action from aircraft operators, these equipments can monitor passing aircraft by themselves. On the other hand, GMUs are portable monitoring units. They are carried onboard the aircraft to supplement HMUs. Also, they monitor aircraft which are not normally flying over HMUs (JSI, 2000). Participation in the monitoring program is a requirement to all RVSM compliant aircraft. For their height to be monitored, aircraft can request a re routing in some instances. RVSM Procedures in Transition Areas The task of handling the transition of aircraft from an RVSM to a non-RVSM environment and vice-versa has been designated to a number of FIR/UIRs in the EUR RVSM Airspace. Under special procedures, ATC is allowed to transition both RVSM and non RVSM Civil and State aircraft within this EUR RVSM Transition Airspace". So a change from Conventional Flight Levels to RVSM Flight Levels And vice versa should be expected by the flight crews. For those non-RVSM aircraft and any other aircraft, the ATC will continue to provide a 2,000-ft vertical separation minimum (VSM) (JSI, 2000). Aircraft Equipment The Minimum Equipment List (MEL) fulfilling the MASPS has two components. The first one is the two independent altitude measurement systems, each equipped with cross-coupled static/source system with ice protection. This is for instances wherein they will be located in areas which have plenty of ice; display of the computed pressure altitude to the flight crew; digital encoding of the displayed altitude; signals referenced to a pilot selected altitude for automatic altitude control and alerting, and static source error connection. The second is, one SSR transponder with an altitude reporting system in use for altitude keeping. Third is an altitude alerting system and last is an automatic altitude control system (JSI, 2000). Flight Planning This step requires greater attention compared to the others. Particular attention should be paid by the flight crew since some conditions may affect operation in RVSM airspace. So the flight crew must first verify that the aircraft is indeed RVSM approved, like it complies with the MEL. Second is that they should analyze the reported and forecast weather that may affect RVSM requirements like turbulence, icing, etc. Finally, they must review the manufacturer and the operators restrictions concerning RVSM operations. According to ICAO guidelines, for FPL, if the aircraft is RVSM approved, the letter W should be inserted in Field 10. For RPL on the other hand, if the aircraft is RVSM approved regardless of the requested FL, the letter W" should be inserted in the Item EQPT, if not, still it should be inserted in the ITEM EQPT for RPL (JSI, 2000). It should be noted that the insertion of W" in item 10 of the flight plan does not necessarily mean that an RVSM FL can be planned in European airspace or that an RVSM FL can be requested by the pilot unless this is explicitly promulgated by a State for operation in the airspace of the State, not until January 24, 2002. Pre-flight Procedures Before flying, the flight crews should check the condition of the equipment for RVSM operations and make sure that maintenance actions have been taken to correct defects; they should also take note of the condition of static sources and make sure of the accurateness of the altimeter by setting the QNH or the QFE. To check if it is working properly, the reading should agree with the altitude of the apron or the zero height indication within a 75 ft. (23m) tolerance (JSI, 2000). In flight Procedures During the flight, all the required equipments must be monitored to ensure satisfactory operation before and within RVSM airspace. When changing levels, the aircraft should not overshoot or under-shoot the cleared flight level by more than 150 ft. or 45 m. The automatic altitude control system shall be engaged during level cruise by reference to one of the two altimeters. If fitted, the altitude capture feature shall be used whenever possible for the level off. Also, cross checks of the primary altimeters shall be made at intervals of approximately one hour. These primary altimeters shall agree within 200 ft. or 60 m. The failure to meet these conditions will require the altimetry system to be reported as defective and immediately notified to ATC. An initial check shall be recorded just before entering the EUR RVSM Airspace (JSI, 2000). The intention of RVSM is to allow aircrafts to optimize flight profiles, decrease costs of fuel and avoid congestion in airspace with high traffic incidents (FAA, 2008). Since its implementation, it has enhanced air traffic control flexibility like routing around storms, helped in mitigating conflict points, enhanced volume of aircraft that can be accommodated in a given sector and reduced controller workload like reduced vectoring and flight level changes (FAA, 2005). Contingency Procedures In case of failure in equipment, bad weather, too much turbulence, the pilot shall notify the ATC immediately because these can affect the ability of the aircraft to maintain the cleared level or the RVSM requirements. When this happens, the role of the ATC is to make sure that safe separation is maintained which usually means a reversion to the 2,000-ft. minimum. Now, when the pilot was assigned an altitude deviation of 90-ft by the ATC, he should return to the cleared level as soon as possible. For communication trouble, an established procedure is available to the pilot for him to follow (JSI, 2000). Research tells us that RVSM has helped resolved problems with air traffic, fuel costs and system operations among others, so it is clear to see that this reduction in the vertical separation standard is something that should have been done a long time ago. With groundbreaking developments such as this, flying has never been more wonderful! References ARINC Incorporated. (2008). Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) Services. Federal Aviation Administration. (2005). Domestic Reduced Vertical SeparationMinimum (DRVSM). July 10, 2008. Federal Aviation Administration. (2008). Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum. July 10, 2008, from http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/enroute/rvsm/ Jeppesen Sanderson, Incorporated. (2000). Implementation of Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) between FL 290 and FI 410 within European Airspace. July 10, 2008.

aquaducts in rome essays

aquaducts in rome essays In this short paper I will discuss three main subjects. One will be the problem regarding landowners and their responsibility towards aqueduct maintenance. Second, Ill introduce my source of information and give a short summary of it. Third and finally I will discuss and answer some main questions from the textbook asking about the proclamation sent by Emperor Theodosius. The problem was maintenance on the aqueducts. Who was responsible for the upkeep? For those responsible, what were their duties and obligations for the upkeep of the aqueducts? What were the penalties if they didnt do their duties? This was the problem. Emperor Theodosius, of the Roman Empire resolved these questions by his proclamation in 438 A.D. In his proclamation he makes the responsibility of the upkeep and maintenance of the aqueducts to the landowner that the aqueducts pass through. The Emperor goes on to state that because of this extra duties on the landowners shall be exempt from extraordinary burdens (Discovering the Western Past, pg. 15 5th paragraph second line), (Discovering the Western Past, pg. 15. 5th paragraph 2nd line). Since, the landowners were responsible for the upkeep, they were responsible for clearing the aqueduct out when it was clogged of dirt and soot. In addition, they were responsible for keeping trees trimmed away from the aqueducts. If the landowner did not keep up with his duties on the aqueduct the punishment for this was the forfeiture of his lands to the imperial treasury. The textbook Discovering the Western Past, asked many questions ranging from the complexity of the machines to the simple tools that these civilizations had to use. What were the political ramifications of the decisions the emperor made? Why not just hire more people to do the job or even better buy slaves and make them continue to do the upkeep? Well, for a couple of reasons why the emperor didnt hire or buy s...

Primary Standards in Chemistry

Primary Standards in Chemistry In chemistry, a primary standard is a reagent which is very pure, representative of the number of moles the substance contains and easily weighed. A reagent is a chemical that is used to cause a chemical reaction with another substance. Often, reagents are used to test for the presence or quantity of specific chemicals in a solution. Properties of Primary Standards Primary standards are typically used in titration to determine an unknown concentration and in other analytical chemistry  techniques. Titration is a process in which small amounts of a reagent are added to a solution until a chemical reaction occurs. The reaction provides confirmation that the solution is at a specific concentration. Primary standards are often used to make standard solutions (a solution with a precisely known concentration). A good primary standard meets the following criteria: high level of puritylow reactivity (high stability)high equivalent weight (to reduce error from mass measurements)not likely to absorb moisture from the air (hygroscopic) to reduce changes in mass in humid versus dry environmentsnon-toxicinexpensive and readily available In practice, few chemicals used as primary standards meet all of these criteria, although its critical that  a standard is of high purity. Also, a compound which may be a good primary standard for one purpose may not be the best choice for another analysis. Examples of Primary Standards and Their Uses It may seem odd that a reagent is needed to establish the concentration of a chemical in solution. In theory, it should be possible to simply divide the mass of the chemical by the volume of the solution. But in practice, this isnt always possible. For example, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) tends to absorb moisture and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thus changing its concentration. A 1-gram sample of NaOH may not actually contain 1 gram of NaOH because additional water and carbon dioxide may have diluted the solution. To check the concentration of NaOH, a chemist must titrate a primary standard (in this case a solution of potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP). KHP does not absorb water or carbon dioxide, and it can provide visual confirmation that a 1 gram solution of NaOH really contains 1 gram. There are many examples of primary standards; a few of the most common include: Sodium chloride (NaCl) is used as a primary standard for silver nitrate (AgNO3) reactions.Zinc powder may be used to standardize EDTA solutions after it has been dissolved in hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid.Potassium hydrogen phthalate or KHP may be used to standardize perchloric acid and an aqueous base in an acetic acid solution. Secondary Standard Definition A related term is secondary standard. A secondary standard is a chemical that has been standardized against a primary standard for use in a specific analysis. Secondary standards are commonly used to calibrate analytical methods. NaOH, once its concentration has been validated through the use of a primary standard, is often used as a secondary standard.

Research handbook of comparative employment relations Essay

Research handbook of comparative employment relations - Essay Example Good! So these are your 3 main sections of your paper. According to Barry and Wilkinson (2011), voluntary overtime is a regular and positive practice in the various industries. Voluntary overtime increases the productivity of workers, maintains employees’ wellbeing, reduces staff turnover, and it is more cost efficient than part-time employment. Good! Okay, so you discuss these next, right? In the next couple of paragraphs, you discuss these right? I could be able to see that these are the topics for the next paragraphs. maintains employees’ wellbeing, reduces staff turnover, and it is more cost efficient than part-time employment For example, overtime is a common practice among medical facilities in the United States, where nurses are the majority of medical facilities’ employees who works overtime. You should consider using more in-text citations – where did this example come from? One of our sources? Or would one of your sources agree with it? Then use an in-text citation here. It’s not uncommon for research papers to have in-text citations in almost every other sentence. This is looking good so far. Nurses who voluntarily work overtime provide better care for the patients compared to mandatory overtime or part-time nurses. A clear indication of the positive impact of voluntary overtime over part-time or regular time work is that overtime workers tend to be engaged, especially when work is voluntarily provided to them. Most employees admit that wages have an impact on their work performance. Studies have demonstrated that higher wages earned result in a sense of achievement, ownership, and satisfaction in the work completed. Okay, so the next paragraphs will be about achievement, ownership, and satisfaction, right? It’s like sorting out your laundry; the evaluators will want to see clear, separate piles of thoughts like you indicate in your, excellent topic sentences. Your piles are your paragraphs, right? So, I want to see a paragraph on achievement. And another one one on ownership, and then the last one on satisfaction in work. Does this make sense/ Employees who are available by choice to work for overtime hours augment their productivity, lead to an excellent job recital, and reduce staff turnover through retention of employees (Barry & Wilkinson, 2011).Voluntary work helps in maintaining the employee’s health more than forced overtime work. Use of voluntary overtime enhances the wellbeing of workers; on the other hand, involuntary overtime causes burnout among employees. Voluntary overtime increases employees’ satisfaction and reduces stress among employees; as a result, it helps in maintaining the health of the workers. As Cameron (2012) observes, employees who work on voluntary overtime tend to have natural self-motivation within them, which enhances their productivity and job satisfaction. Employees and employers attain more benefits from voluntary overtime than from invo luntary overtime. Numerous studies have established that long working hours and shift work raise the odds for employees to be fatigued, injured, stressed, and suffer from medical ailments. However, voluntary overtime tends to lower these effects, but involuntary overtime increases same. The Advantages of Voluntary Overtime Paid Work The Advantages of

Using appropriate theories, discuss the concept and practice of Essay

Using appropriate theories, discuss the concept and practice of ethical, social and environmental accounting and reporting - Essay Example When the business organization makes commitment to business ethics and complies with the business accounting policies, it is said that the organization is following the concepts of ethical accounting concepts and policies (Keen, n.d.). The ethical accounting is done by an â€Å"ethicist†. An ethicist has earned a doctorate degree in the field of scientific discipline or philosophy. They know the intricacies of business through studies in business ethics. The ethicist provides a non accounting perspective while an accountant provides financial perspective (Keen, n.d.). They help in ascertaining whether the business organization is complying with the ethics and business standards of the company. Most companies have established mission statement but not ethical standards. An ethicist helps in drafting and implementation of ethical codes. The management has to make sure that the employees follow the ethical standard and codes. Majority of the companies are enforcing their own ethical standards. Violation of these ethical standards leads to serious consequences for the employees (Keen, n.d.). In the United States of America, the Ministry of Finance makes strong attempts to help investors receive full disclosure of information with respect to the security issues (The International Accounting Standards Board, 2008). Restrictions have been imposed by the Japanese Ministry of Finance (securities markets are regulated by the Japanese Government) to prohibit insider trading in banks. The Japanese firms are allowed to register for public bonds (The International Accounting Standards Board, 2008). Germany has less stringent laws related to disclosure of information. Weak accounting regulations have weakened the policies related to the disclosure of information. Earlier, the laws did not even prohibit insider trading but now they are thinking of incorporating strict regulations related to insider trading (The International Accounting Standards Board,

the gathering Essay examples -- essays research papers

Ernest J. Gaines was born on January 15, 1933, in Oscar, Louisiana. Many of his stories and characters are set in the swamplands of Louisiana. His target audience is Black southern youth; his goal is to give them a sense of pride in their heritage. Recently, Gaines participated in the conference "Black and White Perspectives on the American South," which intended to examine how the two races view themselves and the relations to one another. In the book A Gathering of old men, there was lots of symbolism throughout the scenes. Tthe book describes the transaction from the old south to the new south, a south that depends on the the co-existence of blacks and whites. In order for this too take place some old black men are going to have to stand up for themselves when a white cajun farmer by the name of Beau is murdered. The old black men in the story will have to face up to a racist sherriff by the name of Mapes.Beau Boutans brother Gil, who plays fullback for Louisiana State University, and depends on a black running back, is getting tired of his family violent name. He comes home to confront his dad Fix Boutan. By doing this Gil represents a new southern way. The man who murdered Beau, Charlie, was a very large man. He had been running away from his fears since he was a kid, but on this fateful day all that would change. It was finally time for Charlie to become a man after so many years. In one of the scenes from the book A Gathering of Old Men, the old men gathered around the Sheriff Mapes who symbolized white power with his gigantic size and his authority . Mapes was trying to figure out who had killed Beau Boutan. Their stories all came down to the same conclusion as the next mans story. They were fed up with verbal and physical abuse of from the Boutans. Mapes in all his years never seen such a sight or better yet a boldness in the eyes and mouths of the old black men. Even though he cursed them and hit them to get the truth, the old black men kept their stories, that they were all guilty of the murder of Beau Boutan. Before Mat left his house, one of the old black men, he and his wife got into an argument. She did not want him to be involved in what was going on. With tears of past hurt coming down his face he told her how for many years he has helped the white man get richer and the black man get poorer. He told her he was going down there f... ...ted to have written some short stories. He was criticized in his stories because he felt that poor white people will except the new south, which is built on the interracial cooperation, with some or none violent rejection (Summers 93). William faulkner, a black author, said Gaines fails to see the lingering tradition of the old south, that he does not see that white people will always be white people (Vinson 93). But I fell that faulkner fails too see the character Candy was. Even though she was on the side of the old black men, when they wanted to meet without her. She did not respect there request on the basis she thought she was still the leader or the head. Also Mapes character did respect Mathu and Charlie, but at the same time he referred to them at one points as â€Å"niggers†.Gaines story depicts the coming of a south that will tolerate the co-existence of blacks and white, but he was a little to far ahead the timeline in this book, in those days there would have been a lynching without a doubt(Wertheim123). In conclusion, Gaines touched up well on all the attitudes and stereotypes of the southern way of life, and on its objection of the co-existing between whites and blacks.

Blood Donations

Have you saved somebody’s life lately? Did you know that you can help three people who struggle to survive by giving an hour of your day? I wasn’t aware of how many people I can help until there was a blood drive at my high school. The blood drive was run by the ARUP Blood Services and I learned a ton about donating blood. Before you donate you can talk to a representative and learn more about donating blood. I learned that the blood donated can be stored for about 28 days until it goes bad. The phlebotomist told me blood donations are given to several patients who need transfusions to live.If there are many people donating it can be a long process, but it’s worth the wait until the end because they will provide you with a variety of snacks, treats and drinks. If you are a healthy candidate, you can donate one pint of your blood that can help three different people. A healthy donor can donate blood every 56 days. According the American Red Cross â€Å"If you beg an donating blood at age 17 and donated every 56 days until you reached 76, you would have donated 48 gallons of blood, potentially helping save more than 1,000 lives! † Think about it.The complex blood inside our bodies can be used for a number of people’s lives; you can help save them. You can be a hero to those in need by donating your blood. We talk about donating blood, but people typically don’t know the fundamentals of blood. It’s important to understand blood and what it does. So, what is blood? It’s the red liquid that oozes out when you scrape your arm or leg. That’s what we see and that’s what people say. But if you take the time to study or learn about blood, you’ll see that there are four different components: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.Each component has a different function. The red blood cells function is to carry blood and oxygen to other tissues and organs in the body. Red blood c ells contain hemoglobin, a substance that is iron rich, which binds to the oxygen in your lungs and then carried by arteries. White blood cells main purpose is to defend your body against foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Platelets help blood vessels when there is a wound. The platelets will coagulate, or clot, around the wound and plug up the vessel so that blood does not leak out the injury.Plasma is straw-yellow colored liquid in the blood and is composed of a variety of substances. Our plasma contains nutrients, such vitamins, proteins, amino acids, salts, sugar and more which are essential to the functioning of all bodily cells (Avraham; Litin). Avraham states â€Å"plasma ensures the body of proper balance of these nutrient,† (46). All these components of blood are necessary for the proper functioning of our bodies. We need each part of our blood to work properly in order to live a healthy lifestyle.Although all blood is made up of red blo od cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma, the blood of all people is not the same. Blood types were unknown until 1901, when Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian physician, discovered the presence of blood groups. â€Å"Landsteiner found three groups — A, B and O — that contained one (A or B) or neither (O) of two antigens on the surface of red blood cells. Importantly, he found that people receiving mismatched transfusions made destructive antibodies against the blood-borne antigens that weren’t theirs† (Shugart).Blood types and groups follow into four categories: A; B; AB and O. Each group has different antigens and antibodies. Antigens are a substance that stimulates the antibody. Antibodies are a response cell that will either attack an antigen or let it pass. People who have blood type A have A antigens and antibodies that attack B antigens, and those who have type B have B antigens and have antibodies that attack A antigens. Those who are type AB have both antigens and type O has no antigens. Every group is divided into two groups, positive and negative.The factor that depends on another antigen called the rhesus. Those who have the rhesus antigen are positive and those who don’t are negative (Litin, 1060-1062). It’s vital for people to receive blood from the same blood type or the consequences may be fatal. So let’s say you have B antigens in your blood and have no rhesus antigens, you would be considered B-. Transfusing a patient with blood, that is not the same type as that person, can be very dangerous because he or she may have antibodies that will attack and reject the foreign antigens that have entered the body.In the process, they may destroy the red blood cells in the recipient’s blood (Avraham, 52-54). When blood is donated, several tests are run and those testing the blood are able to figure out what blood type you are. Knowing what blood group you belong in is important because the nec essity for blood can vary in different places of the world. According to ARUP, this table represents which blood types are able to receive blood from different groups. Blood transfusions date back to the 17th century. It was first practiced by two dogs. Then in 1667, French physician Jean Baptist Denis made the jump to humans.â€Å"He transfused 9 ounces of sheep’s blood into a teenage boy by attaching the animal’s carotid artery to the boy’s arm. The boy survived the ordeal, prompting Denis to perform the procedure on several other patients until, eventually, one died. The death triggered a backlash against blood transfusion, leading several countries to ban it,† (Shugart). Then 150 years later, the first transfusion between humans was recorded. James Blundell, a physiologist, took several different blood donors and mixed them together and injected the mixture into a patient suffering from internal bleeding.The patient felt well, but passed away three da ys later. â€Å"The cause of the delayed fatal reaction wouldn’t be understood until the next century,† (Shugart). Blood transfusing would remain a hit or miss until the next century when Landsteiner discovered the blood types. During the last century scientists and biotech companies have been studying ways to create artificial blood. A substance called polyheme was used as a substitute to carry oxygen cells. â€Å"Unfortunately, trauma patients receiving the PolyHeme infusions turned out to be slightly more likely to die of their injuries compared with patients infused with real blood (13.2 percent versus 10 percent)† (Shugart).After discovering that artificial blood did not help patients whatsoever, many companies quit researching. Not only does blood need oxygen carrying cells, it also requires other tasks. Blood contains platelets and clotting factors that help stop internal bleeding; white blood cells to fight infection and electrolytes needed for organ and muscle function. Because blood is very complex, creating artificial blood will take lots of studying and research. â€Å"When it comes to blood, so far nature knows best,† (Shugart). There are many ways to donate blood.Many companies are present in every state such as the American Red Cross. Or there are private blood banks such as the ARUP: Blood Services. Because the need for blood donations is always in demand, many companies are flexible with times and scheduling appointments. The process is very simple. First things that happen when you check in are that they verify your information. Then they give you a book for you to review that have information regarding diseases and medications that can alter you blood. While you reading the book you are given a questionnaire that you must answer to help verify your eligibility to donate blood.When the questionnaire is all done and you’ve read the book, the nurse in charge will call you back and take you into a room and run a few vital signs. That person will check your blood pressure, temperature, pulse and will check your red blood count. In order for them to check your red blood count is that they prick you finger with a small needle and obtain a small sample in a blood in a little tube and run it through a centrifuge. The centrifuge separates the red blood cells from the plasma and then the nurse will measure it.Before the nurse leaves the room, she gives you two stickers, a red and green one. The nurse will describe that the red and green one have different purposes and that you will have to choose one confidentially. The red sticker indicates that you do not want your blood to be used. Maybe you have lied about something, felt pressured to donate blood when you didn’t want too or have done something recently that may affect your blood and you didn’t want anybody to know. The green sticker represents that you feel like your blood is safe and want your blood to be used.Choosing the st icker is done confidentially and afterwards you step out of the room to find the nurse. As soon as you find the nurse, he or she will sit you down comfortably on their chairs and you will be ready to donate your blood. In the United States, an estimated 37 percent of Americans are eligible to donate. However, only ten percent actually donate. What about the other 27 percent of people? Well ask yourself, â€Å"Have I ever thought about donating blood? † The two most common reasons for not donating blood are that people have never given it the thought, or they are terrified of needles (American Red Cross).I’ve encountered many friends and family members who do not want to donate blood because they have a fear of needles. They say they don’t want to get poked because it’s painful or the might faint by the sight of a needle inside their arm. Some people think that they are not eligible when they really are. Those who have gotten a piercing or tattoo are not e ligible to donate for a year because of safety precaution. Precautions such as risk with coming into contact with HIV, or AIDs prevent eligibility from the use on non-sterile needles (Moisse).Because donating blood is only done by volunteers, people may feel like they’re not obligated to donate. It’s true; people don’t have to donate blood. Donating blood may not seem like a big deal, but it helps saves lives every day. The need for blood is always in high demand because accidents happen, and you can’t always expect them. According to the American Red Cross, a single car accident victim may require as many as 100 pints of blood. Donating blood makes a difference. Ask Brennah Payne, she’s a 14 year old teenager who was involved in a car accident at age seven.The incident broke her spine in half, fractured her face, ruptured her bowels, suffered major internal bleeding, and went through nine major surgeries, and 22 other medical procedures throughout the next six months (Shugart). Brennah Payne stated â€Å"I remember tubes coming into me, but I don’t really remember what was in them, now I know that the things that were in them kept me alive†¦ There were so many people helping me, and I didn’t really know why. I just knew that I felt love from them, and it made me happy because without them I wouldn’t be here today,† (Shugart).Today, Brennah is a healthy teenager and a competitive runner on her schools cross country team. â€Å"Although she has recovered from the accident that occurred half a lifetime ago, she has never forgotten how the generosity of blood donors saved her life,† (Shugart). Blood donations have changes Brennah’s life. You can be that person to make an impact on somebody’s life. Although patients, who receive your blood, may not know who you are, they will appreciate the effort giving to donating blood. If you’ve ever grown up wanting to be a hero to others in need, here’s your chance.