High School Dropout Rates And Incarceration Rates

Introduction The public education system has always been a controversial topic in America. Many different approaches have been taken to resolve the issues; however, the federal and state governments have yet to find a balance between school safety and education performance. Sociologists have studied the relationship between high school dropout rates and the increasing incarceration rates, that have been occurring within the last few decades. According to Thompson (2011; 23), â€Å"the nation’s public school system has been criminalized over the last forty years† resulting in poor academic performance of both students and teachers. In addition, Schept, Wall, and Brisman (2015; 96), focus on the negative impacts of federal legislation that has resulted in â€Å"racialized punishment† throughout public schools in the United States. In order to understand the relationship between high school dropout rates and incarceration rates, I will first touch upon a few laws specificall y passed to improve school safety, for example the Safe School Act of 1994 (Schept, Wall, and Brisman, 2015; 96), the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (Ellis, 2007; 221), and the Gun-Free School Act 1994 (Essex, 2000; 37). Next, I will discuss how the policies lead to increased school suspensions (Schept, Wall, and Brisman, 2015; 96), increased crime rates (Thompson, 2011; 23), and race bias (Simmons, 2009; 215 and Marable, 2008; 59). This paper intends to explore the various factors in an educationalShow MoreRelatedComparison Between Schools And Prisons1732 Words   |  7 PagesSchools Vs Prisons The United States prison population has grown from approximately 500,000 to 2.3 million people in three decades. The us spends almost $70 billion dollars yearly to put adults in prison and jails. 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One Of1378 Words   |  6 Pagesless money on war and inmates and lower the high school dropout rates. First, Americans are willing to put more money toward war than education. Education should be the number one priority instead of war. Americans pay 21% of their taxes to the military. â€Å"In fiscal year 2015, the federal government spent $3.7 trillion, amounting to 21 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP)† (Policy Basics: Where do our federal tax dollars go?). Some school will need new materials, such as books andRead MoreThe Results Of Raising The Dropout Age1517 Words   |  7 PagesKeys 1 The Results of Raising the Dropout Age Obtaining an education is essential in today’s society. Most students who attend school on a regular basis usually succeed in life. On the other hand, many students fail to attend school every day which can lead to problems in schools. However, some students have acceptable reasons for dropping out. As a result, a student’s punctuality can ultimately alter his or her education. On that note, dropping out of high school can affect an individual in manyRead MoreCriminalization at School: Zero-Tolerance Discipline Policies Might Be Damaging to Students1309 Words   |  6 Pagesindefinite suspension with a recommendation for expulsion because his school administrators believed he flashed a gang sign although he was simply putting up three fingers to represent his football jersey number. (NPR Isensee, 2014). This kind of criminalization of young people contributes to suspension, dropout, and incarceration, and too often pushes students into what is referred to by many education scholars and activists as the â€Å"school-to-prison pipeline,† a term that refers to â€Å"the policies and practicesRead MoreA Community Mapping Of The Little Village And Pilsen Communities1338 Words   |  6 Pagespublic schools, historical churches, parks, and recreation areas. In addition, the vibrant Mexican culture found on just about every block of the community. All of these factors contributed to what I would classify as a closely knit community. As with all communities, the Pilsen and Little Village areas are also dealing with a few challenges. Among these, a few were attempting to enhance image of Mexican culture, making Pilsen self reliant and family oriented, gang issues, and high high school dropoutRead MoreWhy Students Should Drop Out Of High School1268 Words   |  6 Pages Music Literacy in Schools High school literacy is linked to the high school dropout rate. While the high school dropout rates have declined over the past decade, the facts that influence this phenomenon continue to be consistent. There are multiple reasons for why students would drop out of high school. The following are just some of the reasons to why kids might dropout, including that they missed too many days, they thought they could not complete the course requirements, they didn’t feel safeRead MoreIs American Education Getting Worse Or Better?. One Of1638 Words   |  7 Pagesless money on war and inmates and lower the high school dropout rates. First, Americans are willing to put more money toward war than education. Education should be the number one priority instead of war. Americans pay 21% of their taxes to the military. â€Å"In fiscal year 2015, the federal government spent $3.7 trillion, amounting to 21 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP)† (Policy Basics: Where do our federal tax dollars go?). Some school will need new materials, such as books andRead MoreThe, Jim Crow And Mass Incarceration1056 Words   |  5 PagesMichelle Alexander writes and speaks about the 3 caste systems slavery, Jim Crow Laws, and mass incarceration. She asserts that racial separation has not gone away but rather morphed into present mass incarceration. Racial segregation has taken a new form and exists in prison systems and in socio-economic ways Caste system locks people up literally virtually. Alexander writes, â€Å"Jim Crow and mass incarceration have similar political origins. As described in chapter 1, both caste systems were born, inRead More Raising the Dropout Age Essay1421 Words   |  6 PagesChildren are told from a young age that it is mandatory for them to graduate from high school, but it’s not until they are on the verge of dropping out that they hear the importance for staying in school. It is also when they hear how high school students who dropouts learn the incredible price to pay in the future when they give up on an education. Thinking with a teenage state of mind and trying to take the easy way out they go straight for a GED, which is told to be an equivalent earning of a

Human Resource Planning of Firm Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Planning of Firm. Answer: Discussion The firms decision to hire the Feeling Better Child-Care would be very fruitful in future especially if its controlled and coordinated with a lot of sensitivity as well as discipline (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). This is because of the following reasons; By doing this, the employees are able to carry out their responsibilities as required by the firm as their sick children are taken care of thus increased productivity resulting to growth of the firm. The employees remain loyal to the firms welfare as they are aware that their main emergency need of dealing with their sick children is taken care of thus the firm remains relevant in the engineering sector for a longer period. This makes the human resource manager within the firm to have an easier and fruitful time in managing the employees in terms of their presence and motivation to help increase their level of productivity important for the firms growth. References Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014). Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers.

Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum for Aircraft an Example of the Topic Economics Essays by

Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum for Aircraft Abstract Because of the dramatic increase in air traffic over the past decade, aviation organizations in the United States and other internationally based counterparts find ways to prevent congestion on routes with high traffic incidents. In order to do this, RVSM is proposed. RVSM or Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum is the reduction of the vertical separation from current 2,000-ft. minimum to 1,000-ft. minimum of the FL 290. After a thorough study, the ICAO Review of General Concept of Separation Panel (RGCSP) concluded that it is technically feasible to implement the 1,000-ft. separation standard safely (Federal Aviation Administration [FAA], 2005). Since its implementation, there is a remarkable 28% decline on operational errors in the airspace in which RVSM is applied. Also, fuel costs are decreasing significantly due to more efficient altitudes at which the planes are flying. Not only that, there is a reduction in the number of conflicts; situations wherein a plane has to move laterally or vertically as ordered by the controller (Federal Aviation Administration [FAA], 2008). These results suggest that the new separation standard of 1,000-ft. minimum besides being as safe is more effective than that of the previous vertical separation of 2,000-ft. minimum. Need essay sample on "Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum for Aircraft" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum for Aircraft Our Customers Often Tell EssayLab professionals: Who wants to write paper for me? Specialists suggest: Find Brilliant Papers For Sale Here In 1988, ICAO completed a study that concluded the feasibility of the safe implementation of the 1000-ft. separation standard. The study was conducted due to the arising problem of flight- level congestion in airspaces with high traffic incidents. Before the RSVM implementation, the standard vertical separation for altitudes between 29,000 and 41,000 is 2,000-ft (FAA, 2008). The pressure altimeters accuracy decreases with height and this instrument is used in aircrafts to determine their level, so that is why the standard vertical separation implemented before was 2,000-ft. But over the years, when altimeters were combined with air data computers (ADC), they become more accurate. Maintaining a set level using autopilots is also more easier nowadays. These developments led to question the 2,000-ft. separation for many modern aircrafts. Given the technology nowadays, it became apparent that the existing separation standard is too cautious. Therefore the proposal to reduce it to 1,000-f t. was made by ICAO. Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) between FL 290 FI 410 has already been implemented in European Airspace since January 24, 2002. The purpose of this is to prevent flight-level congestions, thus optimizing flight profiles (Jeppesen Sanderson, Incorporated [JSI], 2000). In North America, RSVM airspace has only been implemented recently (ARINC Incorporated, 2008). Approval for RVSM Operations Before an aircraft can have the permission to operate within the EUR RVSM Airspace, it would have to pass the standards of the RVSM first. In order to have the approval of the responsible authority, the aircraft operators need to achieve two things. First is that granted all types of aircraft have received airworthiness approval. Meaning each one of them has complied with Minimum Aircraft System Performance Specification (MASPS). Second is the states approval regarding the operations manual together with the maintenance procedures, which are specific to the operations of RVSM (JSI, 2000). There are exclusions from the RVSM MASPS such as state aircraft. But they can still be accommodated within the EUR RVSM Airspace with the provision that the 2000-ft. minimum vertical separation between such aircraft and all other IFR aircraft is maintained by ATC. STS/NONRVSM is filled by state aircraft for special handling request in Field 18 of the ICAO FPL (JSI, 2000). Height Monitoring Principles There are two types of equipments used to monitor the height keeping performance of aircraft in the EUR RVSM Airspace. These two are the Height Monitoring Units (HMUs), with a coverage of 45 NM and GPS Monitoring Units (GPUs). HMUs are fixed ground based height-monitoring facilities at Linz (N48 12 E014 18), Nattenheim (N49 57 E006 28) and Geneva (N46 22 E005 56). Without action from aircraft operators, these equipments can monitor passing aircraft by themselves. On the other hand, GMUs are portable monitoring units. They are carried onboard the aircraft to supplement HMUs. Also, they monitor aircraft which are not normally flying over HMUs (JSI, 2000). Participation in the monitoring program is a requirement to all RVSM compliant aircraft. For their height to be monitored, aircraft can request a re routing in some instances. RVSM Procedures in Transition Areas The task of handling the transition of aircraft from an RVSM to a non-RVSM environment and vice-versa has been designated to a number of FIR/UIRs in the EUR RVSM Airspace. Under special procedures, ATC is allowed to transition both RVSM and non RVSM Civil and State aircraft within this EUR RVSM Transition Airspace". So a change from Conventional Flight Levels to RVSM Flight Levels And vice versa should be expected by the flight crews. For those non-RVSM aircraft and any other aircraft, the ATC will continue to provide a 2,000-ft vertical separation minimum (VSM) (JSI, 2000). Aircraft Equipment The Minimum Equipment List (MEL) fulfilling the MASPS has two components. The first one is the two independent altitude measurement systems, each equipped with cross-coupled static/source system with ice protection. This is for instances wherein they will be located in areas which have plenty of ice; display of the computed pressure altitude to the flight crew; digital encoding of the displayed altitude; signals referenced to a pilot selected altitude for automatic altitude control and alerting, and static source error connection. The second is, one SSR transponder with an altitude reporting system in use for altitude keeping. Third is an altitude alerting system and last is an automatic altitude control system (JSI, 2000). Flight Planning This step requires greater attention compared to the others. Particular attention should be paid by the flight crew since some conditions may affect operation in RVSM airspace. So the flight crew must first verify that the aircraft is indeed RVSM approved, like it complies with the MEL. Second is that they should analyze the reported and forecast weather that may affect RVSM requirements like turbulence, icing, etc. Finally, they must review the manufacturer and the operators restrictions concerning RVSM operations. According to ICAO guidelines, for FPL, if the aircraft is RVSM approved, the letter W should be inserted in Field 10. For RPL on the other hand, if the aircraft is RVSM approved regardless of the requested FL, the letter W" should be inserted in the Item EQPT, if not, still it should be inserted in the ITEM EQPT for RPL (JSI, 2000). It should be noted that the insertion of W" in item 10 of the flight plan does not necessarily mean that an RVSM FL can be planned in European airspace or that an RVSM FL can be requested by the pilot unless this is explicitly promulgated by a State for operation in the airspace of the State, not until January 24, 2002. Pre-flight Procedures Before flying, the flight crews should check the condition of the equipment for RVSM operations and make sure that maintenance actions have been taken to correct defects; they should also take note of the condition of static sources and make sure of the accurateness of the altimeter by setting the QNH or the QFE. To check if it is working properly, the reading should agree with the altitude of the apron or the zero height indication within a 75 ft. (23m) tolerance (JSI, 2000). In flight Procedures During the flight, all the required equipments must be monitored to ensure satisfactory operation before and within RVSM airspace. When changing levels, the aircraft should not overshoot or under-shoot the cleared flight level by more than 150 ft. or 45 m. The automatic altitude control system shall be engaged during level cruise by reference to one of the two altimeters. If fitted, the altitude capture feature shall be used whenever possible for the level off. Also, cross checks of the primary altimeters shall be made at intervals of approximately one hour. These primary altimeters shall agree within 200 ft. or 60 m. The failure to meet these conditions will require the altimetry system to be reported as defective and immediately notified to ATC. An initial check shall be recorded just before entering the EUR RVSM Airspace (JSI, 2000). The intention of RVSM is to allow aircrafts to optimize flight profiles, decrease costs of fuel and avoid congestion in airspace with high traffic incidents (FAA, 2008). Since its implementation, it has enhanced air traffic control flexibility like routing around storms, helped in mitigating conflict points, enhanced volume of aircraft that can be accommodated in a given sector and reduced controller workload like reduced vectoring and flight level changes (FAA, 2005). Contingency Procedures In case of failure in equipment, bad weather, too much turbulence, the pilot shall notify the ATC immediately because these can affect the ability of the aircraft to maintain the cleared level or the RVSM requirements. When this happens, the role of the ATC is to make sure that safe separation is maintained which usually means a reversion to the 2,000-ft. minimum. Now, when the pilot was assigned an altitude deviation of 90-ft by the ATC, he should return to the cleared level as soon as possible. For communication trouble, an established procedure is available to the pilot for him to follow (JSI, 2000). Research tells us that RVSM has helped resolved problems with air traffic, fuel costs and system operations among others, so it is clear to see that this reduction in the vertical separation standard is something that should have been done a long time ago. With groundbreaking developments such as this, flying has never been more wonderful! References ARINC Incorporated. (2008). Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) Services. Federal Aviation Administration. (2005). Domestic Reduced Vertical SeparationMinimum (DRVSM). July 10, 2008. Federal Aviation Administration. (2008). Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum. July 10, 2008, from http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/enroute/rvsm/ Jeppesen Sanderson, Incorporated. (2000). Implementation of Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) between FL 290 and FI 410 within European Airspace. July 10, 2008.

aquaducts in rome essays

aquaducts in rome essays In this short paper I will discuss three main subjects. One will be the problem regarding landowners and their responsibility towards aqueduct maintenance. Second, Ill introduce my source of information and give a short summary of it. Third and finally I will discuss and answer some main questions from the textbook asking about the proclamation sent by Emperor Theodosius. The problem was maintenance on the aqueducts. Who was responsible for the upkeep? For those responsible, what were their duties and obligations for the upkeep of the aqueducts? What were the penalties if they didnt do their duties? This was the problem. Emperor Theodosius, of the Roman Empire resolved these questions by his proclamation in 438 A.D. In his proclamation he makes the responsibility of the upkeep and maintenance of the aqueducts to the landowner that the aqueducts pass through. The Emperor goes on to state that because of this extra duties on the landowners shall be exempt from extraordinary burdens (Discovering the Western Past, pg. 15 5th paragraph second line), (Discovering the Western Past, pg. 15. 5th paragraph 2nd line). Since, the landowners were responsible for the upkeep, they were responsible for clearing the aqueduct out when it was clogged of dirt and soot. In addition, they were responsible for keeping trees trimmed away from the aqueducts. If the landowner did not keep up with his duties on the aqueduct the punishment for this was the forfeiture of his lands to the imperial treasury. The textbook Discovering the Western Past, asked many questions ranging from the complexity of the machines to the simple tools that these civilizations had to use. What were the political ramifications of the decisions the emperor made? Why not just hire more people to do the job or even better buy slaves and make them continue to do the upkeep? Well, for a couple of reasons why the emperor didnt hire or buy s...

Primary Standards in Chemistry

Primary Standards in Chemistry In chemistry, a primary standard is a reagent which is very pure, representative of the number of moles the substance contains and easily weighed. A reagent is a chemical that is used to cause a chemical reaction with another substance. Often, reagents are used to test for the presence or quantity of specific chemicals in a solution. Properties of Primary Standards Primary standards are typically used in titration to determine an unknown concentration and in other analytical chemistry  techniques. Titration is a process in which small amounts of a reagent are added to a solution until a chemical reaction occurs. The reaction provides confirmation that the solution is at a specific concentration. Primary standards are often used to make standard solutions (a solution with a precisely known concentration). A good primary standard meets the following criteria: high level of puritylow reactivity (high stability)high equivalent weight (to reduce error from mass measurements)not likely to absorb moisture from the air (hygroscopic) to reduce changes in mass in humid versus dry environmentsnon-toxicinexpensive and readily available In practice, few chemicals used as primary standards meet all of these criteria, although its critical that  a standard is of high purity. Also, a compound which may be a good primary standard for one purpose may not be the best choice for another analysis. Examples of Primary Standards and Their Uses It may seem odd that a reagent is needed to establish the concentration of a chemical in solution. In theory, it should be possible to simply divide the mass of the chemical by the volume of the solution. But in practice, this isnt always possible. For example, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) tends to absorb moisture and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thus changing its concentration. A 1-gram sample of NaOH may not actually contain 1 gram of NaOH because additional water and carbon dioxide may have diluted the solution. To check the concentration of NaOH, a chemist must titrate a primary standard (in this case a solution of potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP). KHP does not absorb water or carbon dioxide, and it can provide visual confirmation that a 1 gram solution of NaOH really contains 1 gram. There are many examples of primary standards; a few of the most common include: Sodium chloride (NaCl) is used as a primary standard for silver nitrate (AgNO3) reactions.Zinc powder may be used to standardize EDTA solutions after it has been dissolved in hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid.Potassium hydrogen phthalate or KHP may be used to standardize perchloric acid and an aqueous base in an acetic acid solution. Secondary Standard Definition A related term is secondary standard. A secondary standard is a chemical that has been standardized against a primary standard for use in a specific analysis. Secondary standards are commonly used to calibrate analytical methods. NaOH, once its concentration has been validated through the use of a primary standard, is often used as a secondary standard.

Research handbook of comparative employment relations Essay

Research handbook of comparative employment relations - Essay Example Good! So these are your 3 main sections of your paper. According to Barry and Wilkinson (2011), voluntary overtime is a regular and positive practice in the various industries. Voluntary overtime increases the productivity of workers, maintains employees’ wellbeing, reduces staff turnover, and it is more cost efficient than part-time employment. Good! Okay, so you discuss these next, right? In the next couple of paragraphs, you discuss these right? I could be able to see that these are the topics for the next paragraphs. maintains employees’ wellbeing, reduces staff turnover, and it is more cost efficient than part-time employment For example, overtime is a common practice among medical facilities in the United States, where nurses are the majority of medical facilities’ employees who works overtime. You should consider using more in-text citations – where did this example come from? One of our sources? Or would one of your sources agree with it? Then use an in-text citation here. It’s not uncommon for research papers to have in-text citations in almost every other sentence. This is looking good so far. Nurses who voluntarily work overtime provide better care for the patients compared to mandatory overtime or part-time nurses. A clear indication of the positive impact of voluntary overtime over part-time or regular time work is that overtime workers tend to be engaged, especially when work is voluntarily provided to them. Most employees admit that wages have an impact on their work performance. Studies have demonstrated that higher wages earned result in a sense of achievement, ownership, and satisfaction in the work completed. Okay, so the next paragraphs will be about achievement, ownership, and satisfaction, right? It’s like sorting out your laundry; the evaluators will want to see clear, separate piles of thoughts like you indicate in your, excellent topic sentences. Your piles are your paragraphs, right? So, I want to see a paragraph on achievement. And another one one on ownership, and then the last one on satisfaction in work. Does this make sense/ Employees who are available by choice to work for overtime hours augment their productivity, lead to an excellent job recital, and reduce staff turnover through retention of employees (Barry & Wilkinson, 2011).Voluntary work helps in maintaining the employee’s health more than forced overtime work. Use of voluntary overtime enhances the wellbeing of workers; on the other hand, involuntary overtime causes burnout among employees. Voluntary overtime increases employees’ satisfaction and reduces stress among employees; as a result, it helps in maintaining the health of the workers. As Cameron (2012) observes, employees who work on voluntary overtime tend to have natural self-motivation within them, which enhances their productivity and job satisfaction. Employees and employers attain more benefits from voluntary overtime than from invo luntary overtime. Numerous studies have established that long working hours and shift work raise the odds for employees to be fatigued, injured, stressed, and suffer from medical ailments. However, voluntary overtime tends to lower these effects, but involuntary overtime increases same. The Advantages of Voluntary Overtime Paid Work The Advantages of

Using appropriate theories, discuss the concept and practice of Essay

Using appropriate theories, discuss the concept and practice of ethical, social and environmental accounting and reporting - Essay Example When the business organization makes commitment to business ethics and complies with the business accounting policies, it is said that the organization is following the concepts of ethical accounting concepts and policies (Keen, n.d.). The ethical accounting is done by an â€Å"ethicist†. An ethicist has earned a doctorate degree in the field of scientific discipline or philosophy. They know the intricacies of business through studies in business ethics. The ethicist provides a non accounting perspective while an accountant provides financial perspective (Keen, n.d.). They help in ascertaining whether the business organization is complying with the ethics and business standards of the company. Most companies have established mission statement but not ethical standards. An ethicist helps in drafting and implementation of ethical codes. The management has to make sure that the employees follow the ethical standard and codes. Majority of the companies are enforcing their own ethical standards. Violation of these ethical standards leads to serious consequences for the employees (Keen, n.d.). In the United States of America, the Ministry of Finance makes strong attempts to help investors receive full disclosure of information with respect to the security issues (The International Accounting Standards Board, 2008). Restrictions have been imposed by the Japanese Ministry of Finance (securities markets are regulated by the Japanese Government) to prohibit insider trading in banks. The Japanese firms are allowed to register for public bonds (The International Accounting Standards Board, 2008). Germany has less stringent laws related to disclosure of information. Weak accounting regulations have weakened the policies related to the disclosure of information. Earlier, the laws did not even prohibit insider trading but now they are thinking of incorporating strict regulations related to insider trading (The International Accounting Standards Board,