M &S annual report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environmental Impact of Soil and Sand Mining

Question: Examine about the Environmental Impact of Soil and Sand Mining. Answer: Presentation: Mining can impactsly affect condition. The effect of mining would incorporate sinkholes arrangement, soil disintegration, soil defilement, and bio decent variety consumption. The unnecessary mining can likewise have backhanded effect on the soundness of populace leaving in the territory. It is seen that over the top mining have more negative effects than positive (McCarthy, 2011). In this way, it is significant that the legislature and the associations ought not concentrate on over the top mining. Commonly, mining is done in the woodland regions with the goal that the negative effect on human development could be limited. The particular ways mining can affect on nature can be talked about as: Soil Erosion: Probably the most broad negative effect of mining on condition is soil disintegration. Actually characterized, soil disintegration alludes to the exhaustion of top surface of the dirt. The dirt disintegration occurs through extreme downpours, floods, or avalanches. The over the top mining makes the lower surface of the dirt week and accordingly the odds of soil disintegration increments in the top layer. The issue with unnecessary mining is that it goes about as an impetus in the dirt disintegration process. The unreasonable utilization of mining shifts soil disintegration from its characteristic strategy. With the unreasonable mining there is an expanded odds of soil disintegration (Savior, 2012). The dirt disintegration is the significant explanation behind number of other related issues like groundwater consumption, water defilement and so forth. Therefor, it is significant that the capable specialists ought to have an arrangement of check and equalizations to make a keep an eye on soil disintegration. Strategies to decrease the effect of soil disintegration: The negative effect of mining on soil disintegration could be reduced with efficient arrangement of mining. The effect could be diminished if associations find a way to return the dirt (Magwai, 2013). It is significant that the top layer of the soli ought to be loaded up with new soil so the center layer doesn't drain. Bio-Diversity consumption: With the expanded spotlight on information mining, there is an expanded possibility of bio decent variety exhaustion. It is seen that bio decent variety is high in the zones where human intercession is restricted (Magwai, 2013). With mining, human intercession increments in the district and subsequently bio decent variety exhaustion is watched. This is the explanation that bio decent variety of different woodlands faces a danger. The creatures are not confortable when people increment their mediation. There are different approaches to guarantee a district with rich bio decent variety. The lavishness in the widely varied vegetation would be valuable in number of ways (Pollock, 2010). It would have positive effect on the earth as well as have positive effect on people. Strategies to reduce the effect of bio assorted variety exhaustion: There are different techniques that could be drilled in present moment and long haul to decrease the effect of bio decent variety. It is significant that the foundations and the associations should concentrate on both vegetation (Song, 2010). The associations and the legislature should plant more trees in the district. Thusly, the trees would draw in more winged animals and creatures in the area. Sinkholes arrangement: Technically characterized, sinkhole is a downturn or opening in the ground brought about by some type of breakdown of the surface layer. The arrangement of sinkholes is regular in the territories where over the top mining is watched (Pollock, 2010). The over the top importance would really make the beneath layers feeble and thus the underneath layers can watched a move bringing about the arrangement of sinkholes. It is accounted for that the arrangement of sinkholes could be maintained a strategic distance from by keeping a beware of mining in the region. The mining can occur in the zones; anyway the foundations should keep away from the over the top mining. Techniques to decrease the effect of sinkholes development: The arrangement of sinkholes could be maintained a strategic distance from if the spread of soil is even in the zone. It very well may be done when the mining is uniformly conveyed. It is significant that associations ought not concentrate on mining in any single specific area. Actually, associations ought to have in any event, mining in the locale (Pollock, 2010). Groundwater exhaustion: It can be said that groundwater is the principle wellspring of asset (water) over the world. The over the top utilization of mining is the fundamental guilty party behind groundwater exhaustion. It is seen that the groundwater levels are acceptable in the region where bio decent variety is rich. Be that as it may, the geographic areas where bio decent variety isn't rich, the groundwater are an alarm asset (Magwai, 2013). Thusly, it is significant that elevated level of bio assorted variety ought to be kept up over the areas where mining occurs. The elevated level of bio decent variety draws in more precipitation in the district and this builds the degree of groundwater in the area. Techniques to reduce the effect of groundwater consumption: There are different immediate and roundabout measures to diminish the effect of groundwater exhaustion. This effect could be diminished if the mining locale can pull in downpours (Magwai, 2013). It very well may be done if there are more plants in the locale. In this way, it is significant that associations, governments and society should center to design an ever increasing number of trees in the zones where mining action is high. Talk about how Acid Mine Drainage is shaped, what sway it has on the earth and strategies that can be utilized to reduce its effect. At metal mines, the objective metal (like silver, gold, copper, and so forth.) is frequently plentiful in sulfide minerals. At the point when the mining procedure opens the sulfides to water and air, together they respond to frame sulfuric corrosive (Petrilakova, 2011). This corrosive can break down other unsafe metals and metalloids (like arsenic) from the encompassing stone. It is accepted that enormous scope earth aggravations like mining can cause corrosive stone seepage. The corrosive stone seepage is likewise normal in the territories where continuous development occurs. It very well may be said that over the top digging is a stage for corrosive mine seepage. Mining is unquestionably a significant explanation of corrosive stone waste. In any case, there could be different reasons moreover. Truth be told, there could be both regular and unnatural methods for corrosive seepage. The avalanches and disturbance of soil is the characteristic explanation of corrosive seepage (Strosnid er, 2010). The unnecessary mining and a lot of development is the unnatural methods for corrosive seepage. It is significant that the organizations ought to have the way to oversee both normal and man-made reasons. The event of corrosive mine seepage could likewise be clarified with the marvel of mining under the surface. Sub-surface mining regularly advances underneath the water table, so water must be continually siphoned out of the mine so as to forestall flooding. At the point when a mine is relinquished, the siphoning stops, and water floods the mine. This presentation of water is the underlying advance in most corrosive stone waste circumstances (Hogsden, 2011). Some different wellsprings of corrosive min seepage would incorporate the stone dumps of mine waste, coal riches, and following lakes and heaps. The wellspring of corrosive seepage could be little or huge. In any case, it is significant that individuals ought not disregard the little wellsprings of corrosive waste. There is constantly a likelihood that little sources would prompt greater sources in future. In addition, the quality or the power of corrosive additionally varies across various sources. It is conceivable that a little wellspring of corrosive delivers the corrosive of high power. It is accepted that Acid Mine waste negatively affects condition. There are different purposes behind corrosive arrangement in the mining procedure. It is significant that the association ought to have the arrangement to dump the corrosive in the directed territories (Myburgh, 2010). The corrosive can be unsafe for different plants and creatures. It is accepted that corrosive can disturb the bio decent variety in the district. With the expanded spotlight on information mining, there is an expanded possibility of undesirable corrosive arrangement. This thusly builds the bio decent variety exhaustion. It is seen that bio assorted variety is high in the regions where human intercession is constrained. With mining, human mediation increments in the area and subsequently bio assorted variety exhaustion is watched. The corrosive arrangement can have negative effect on the plants populace in the locale. It is accepted that the arrangement of corrosive can limit the development of plants and trees (Zhang, 2012). The antagonistic impact of corrosive arrangement could likewise be the passing of trees. The abundance acids close to the plants could be deadly for trees. In addition, on the off chance that the plants get over the acids, at that point there are chances that the trees would not have natural products. Along these lines, it tends to be said that Acid Mine waste is hurtful for plants and trees. They effect of corrosive mine seepage could be diminished if the drivers of corrosive mine waste could be controlled (Hallberg, 2010). It may not be conceivable to deal with the common wellsprings of corrosive mine seepage. Notwithstanding, the endeavors ought to be made to deal with the unnatural wellsprings of corrosive mine seepage. The effect could be reduced if the mining occurs in a controlled situation. For instance, there should be a significant contrast between two back to back mines. The presence of two mines close to one another builds the odds of corrosive mine waste. Another way to reduced the effect of corrosive mine seepage is to control the arrangement of corrosive. It very well may be finished with the foundation of dumping ground or dumping territory for corrosive. It is right to state that it is difficult to dump the acids (Kuang, 2013). In any case, there are instruments and procedures that could be utilized to dump the corrosive in a controlled domain. Mention th at the limited quantity of corrosive can be dumped without any problem. Be that as it may, it would not be conceivable to dump the over the top measure of corrosive. The earthy people accept that there is an earnest need to upgrade the mining exercises with the goal that the corrosive min waste could be maintained a strategic distance from. This is the explanation that the job of preservationists has expanded in the last de

College Students Should Not Use Federal and State Government Essay Samples As Instructions

College Students Should Not Use Federal and State Government Essay Samples As InstructionsFederal and state government essay samples are among the most commonly used forms of essay writing in college. These essay samples can give students guidance and ideas for how to structure a successful essay that will stand out from other essays and help them in their current essays.College students and instructors often look to the writing samples of people like Nobel laureates, presidential candidates, and leaders of major companies for examples of essay topics. Though these sources of advice are normally helpful, students should not take their advice to heart. Students should take their writing samples with a grain of salt.Although essay samples provide guidelines on how to structure a successful essay, it is important to remember that each individual has unique characteristics. Different people write different styles. In addition, even within one style of writing, people can vary greatly. Th erefore, even though a sample may contain certain basic guidelines, it is important to think outside of the box when writing your own essay.Federal and state government essay samples offer students a lot of advice and ideas for writing essays that will stand out from the others. Students can get examples of famous essays that have been written by such luminaries as former presidents, Nobel laureates, and Fortune 500 executives. Such sources can serve as helpful guidelines for writing a successful essay.By looking at the tips and ideas from essay samples, students can find the ideas and concepts they need to create their own essay. College students should keep in mind that they are not writing a biography. Instead, they are writing an essay on a current event or issue that they would like to discuss in class or with professors.Because the readers are trying to determine whether or not an essay is worthy of their time, a student should take all of the information from essay samples in to consideration when writing his or her own essay. Students should be able to present their ideas clearly and concisely. It is important to use all of the information provided by the essay samples to ensure that the essay reflects all of the information presented.When looking at the Federal and State Government Essay Samples, students should keep in mind that the text should be carefully researched and precise. Students should remember that the essay samples should not simply be a list of facts and events. Instead, the essay should be organized in a way that encourages the reader to identify with the student. It is important to remember that students can take the essays in the essay samples and change them to fit their own school's rules and regulations.The essay samples can also help students come up with proper words for their topic. Students should remember that by using the proper words, they will be able to properly express themselves. In addition, students should not let essa y samples overshadow their own creative side, as well.

The City Of New Orleans - 2626 Words

The city of New Orleans lies below sea level in a bowl bordered by levees which prevent the high waters of the Mississippi River from flooding the city. These levees were put to the test on August 29, 2005 when Hurricane Katrina hit, causing severe destruction along the Gulf coast. Three concrete floodwalls protecting the city of New Orleans fractured and burst under the weight of surging waters from the hurricane, killing hundreds and resulting in an estimated $100 to $150 billion worth of damage (Luegenbiehl, 2007). In the aftermath of the storm, society placed part of the blame on design flaws that compromised the safety of the levees and endangered the public. Under the Flood Control Act of 1965, Congress had mandated the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to protect the city from a Category 3 storm, yet the floodwalls were unable to withstand the force of Hurricane Katrina, which was eventually classified as Category 3 (Grunwalk Warrick, 2005). The Corps pointed towards a massi ve surge that exceeded the height of the floodwalls, but investigations by civil engineers and other experts pointed towards the inadequate design and construction by the Corps of Engineers as the cause of the failure (Englehardt et al., 2013). The Corps acted in a manner contradicting ethical engineering behavior by being less than forthcoming about deficiencies that were accumulating in the overall system. In order to prevent future disasters involving human life, the government should requireShow MoreRelatedThe City Of New Orleans922 Words   |  4 Pagescould be seen on the roofs of buildings across the city. A neighborhood TV channel reported New Orleans was encountering broad flooding due to levee damage, clean water was scarce, and the city was electrically deficient and was estimated to last for weeks. At day’s end, the Mayor of New Orleans described the considerable death toll with reports of bodies floating on the water throughout the city. The National Guard set u p morgues all throughout the city. Coordination of rescue efforts days to come wereRead MoreThe City Of New Orleans971 Words   |  4 PagesWelcome to the city of New Orleans, Louisiana! New Orleans is one of the most popular cities in the boot. This wonderful, distinctive place is the home of plenty of unknown special activities instead of what most know which is Mardi Gras. Believe it or not, New Orleans, is a go-to city for most events that many, if not most Northern Louisianan may not existence. In other states, people can come to a conclusion that all Louisiana natives are the same, but we vary around the state. New Orleans is differentRead MoreThe City Of New Orleans1709 Words   |  7 PagesThe City of New Orleans is a remarkable city and has enormous potential for expansion. The â€Å"Big Easy† has always been known for the French Quarter, yet New Orleans is so much more than just a â€Å"party city†. I suspect there is a demand to show the â€Å"family friendly† side of our city. My proposal is to offer new development in a vigilant and financially responsible manner, while offering a glimpse of the extraordinarily exciting and expansive visions that I hope to witness in the future. The marketRead MoreThe City Of New Orleans870 Words   |  4 PagesOn August 29, 2005, one of the largest hurricanes ever recorded hit the city of New Orleans, devastating millions and changing their lives and their city forever. The category 3 hurricane created mass displacement and mass destruction that the city has yet to fully recover from. The residents of this once lively and culture-filled city are still attempting to rebuild what was washed away for them ten years ago. Louisiana was home to many individuals who simply loved their state and it’s peopleRead MoreThe City Of New Orleans1805 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"New Orleans is unlike any city in America. Its cultural diversity is woven into the food, the music, the architecture – even the local superstisions. It’s a sensory experience on all levels and there’s a story lukring around every corner.† –Ruta Sepetys The city of New Orleans, Louisiana is a very different and special place. The population is about 390,000 based on the 2014 census. The city was named after the Regent to Louis XV, the Duke of Orleans in the early 1700s. It was established byRead MoreThe City Of New Orleans1471 Words   |  6 Pages In the city of New Orleans emerged one of the most influential music genres in the history of the United States of America. At the time, New Orleans was known for being a blending pot of people or rather, a location where people from all over the world came together in one place. This city served as a key seaport in the U.S. allowing for goods to be imported and exported. The purpose of this city was not only strategic to the growth of the country, but also allowed for the incredible mixing ofRead MoreThe City Of New Orleans2342 Words   |  10 Pages Reactions The city is dead. Without a single person out in the street, and without the bright summer sunshine that wakes people up for another Monday morning. The city was completely gone; the city that used to burst with people and streets that were filled with energy is now empty but filled with filthy water. It was August 29, 2005, when the hurricane entered the warm water of the Gulf and grew to be a monstrous storm. So monstrous, that it destroyed anything in its path. The hurricane that weRead MoreThe Great City Of New Orleans2217 Words   |  9 PagesIn this great city of New Orleans, we have so many extravagant elements that distinguishes us from other cities. From Mardi Gras to the French Quarters to Canal St., they all play an important part in this city s history. The different historical statues we have scattered about the city also cause major attractions and either people love or hate them. Lately, four specific statues have been getting a lot of attention around town from not o nly the citizens, but from our very own mayor, Mitch LandrieuRead MoreNew Orleans: A Historic City849 Words   |  3 PagesNew Orleans is the largest city in Louisiana, it is located in the southern part of the state, between The Mississippi River and Lake Ponchartrain. New Orleans has belonged to Spain, France, and the United States. It was founded by the French in 1718. New Orleans has about 712 churches in all. It has about 165 city owned parks. New Orleans is famous for its French Quarter, with its mixture of French, Spanish, and native architectural styles. The Mardi Gras is a week of carnival held in New OrleansRead MoreComparison Between City London And New Orleans1094 Words   |  5 PagesI will compare my city London to New Orleans. I will investigate and compare them to each other which is going to be easy I hope you enjoy me explaining to you their similarities and difference. Landforms: New Orleans, Louisiana has a river named Mississippi Rivers, wet marsh land, Sabine uplifts are Shallow, muddy seas advanced and retreated over the coastal and river plains many times, and gray clay deposited under these seas now forms the aquifers of northern Louisiana. Which are and has no mountains;

High School Dropout Rates And Incarceration Rates

Introduction The public education system has always been a controversial topic in America. Many different approaches have been taken to resolve the issues; however, the federal and state governments have yet to find a balance between school safety and education performance. Sociologists have studied the relationship between high school dropout rates and the increasing incarceration rates, that have been occurring within the last few decades. According to Thompson (2011; 23), â€Å"the nation’s public school system has been criminalized over the last forty years† resulting in poor academic performance of both students and teachers. In addition, Schept, Wall, and Brisman (2015; 96), focus on the negative impacts of federal legislation that has resulted in â€Å"racialized punishment† throughout public schools in the United States. In order to understand the relationship between high school dropout rates and incarceration rates, I will first touch upon a few laws specificall y passed to improve school safety, for example the Safe School Act of 1994 (Schept, Wall, and Brisman, 2015; 96), the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (Ellis, 2007; 221), and the Gun-Free School Act 1994 (Essex, 2000; 37). Next, I will discuss how the policies lead to increased school suspensions (Schept, Wall, and Brisman, 2015; 96), increased crime rates (Thompson, 2011; 23), and race bias (Simmons, 2009; 215 and Marable, 2008; 59). This paper intends to explore the various factors in an educationalShow MoreRelatedComparison Between Schools And Prisons1732 Words   |  7 PagesSchools Vs Prisons The United States prison population has grown from approximately 500,000 to 2.3 million people in three decades. The us spends almost $70 billion dollars yearly to put adults in prison and jails. They also put 7.3 million people on probation and parole. California has the largest prison population rate in the country, with more than 170,000 people behind bars. More than a billion dollars is spent every year to incarcerate people from a community in Los Angeles . 40% of studentsRead MoreEssay On Dropout Age To 18864 Words   |  4 PagesKentucky, Maryland and Rhode Island all considered raising the high school dropout age to 18, yet Rhode Island was the only state that proved successful (Lewin, 2012). Only a year later, President Barack Obama urged all states to move the dropout age to 18 in his State of the Union Address. This was the first time Washington directly addressed an issue that many state legislators found difficult to present (Ho, 2017). In the past, the dropout age was set at 16 in a majority of the nation. Some statesRead MoreIs American Education Getting Worse Or Better?. One Of1378 Words   |  6 Pagesless money on war and inmates and lower the high school dropout rates. First, Americans are willing to put more money toward war than education. Education should be the number one priority instead of war. Americans pay 21% of their taxes to the military. â€Å"In fiscal year 2015, the federal government spent $3.7 trillion, amounting to 21 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP)† (Policy Basics: Where do our federal tax dollars go?). Some school will need new materials, such as books andRead MoreThe Results Of Raising The Dropout Age1517 Words   |  7 PagesKeys 1 The Results of Raising the Dropout Age Obtaining an education is essential in today’s society. Most students who attend school on a regular basis usually succeed in life. On the other hand, many students fail to attend school every day which can lead to problems in schools. However, some students have acceptable reasons for dropping out. As a result, a student’s punctuality can ultimately alter his or her education. On that note, dropping out of high school can affect an individual in manyRead MoreCriminalization at School: Zero-Tolerance Discipline Policies Might Be Damaging to Students1309 Words   |  6 Pagesindefinite suspension with a recommendation for expulsion because his school administrators believed he flashed a gang sign although he was simply putting up three fingers to represent his football jersey number. (NPR Isensee, 2014). This kind of criminalization of young people contributes to suspension, dropout, and incarceration, and too often pushes students into what is referred to by many education scholars and activists as the â€Å"school-to-prison pipeline,† a term that refers to â€Å"the policies and practicesRead MoreA Community Mapping Of The Little Village And Pilsen Communities1338 Words   |  6 Pagespublic schools, historical churches, parks, and recreation areas. In addition, the vibrant Mexican culture found on just about every block of the community. All of these factors contributed to what I would classify as a closely knit community. As with all communities, the Pilsen and Little Village areas are also dealing with a few challenges. Among these, a few were attempting to enhance image of Mexican culture, making Pilsen self reliant and family oriented, gang issues, and high high school dropoutRead MoreWhy Students Should Drop Out Of High School1268 Words   |  6 Pages Music Literacy in Schools High school literacy is linked to the high school dropout rate. While the high school dropout rates have declined over the past decade, the facts that influence this phenomenon continue to be consistent. There are multiple reasons for why students would drop out of high school. The following are just some of the reasons to why kids might dropout, including that they missed too many days, they thought they could not complete the course requirements, they didn’t feel safeRead MoreIs American Education Getting Worse Or Better?. One Of1638 Words   |  7 Pagesless money on war and inmates and lower the high school dropout rates. First, Americans are willing to put more money toward war than education. Education should be the number one priority instead of war. Americans pay 21% of their taxes to the military. â€Å"In fiscal year 2015, the federal government spent $3.7 trillion, amounting to 21 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP)† (Policy Basics: Where do our federal tax dollars go?). Some school will need new materials, such as books andRead MoreThe, Jim Crow And Mass Incarceration1056 Words   |  5 PagesMichelle Alexander writes and speaks about the 3 caste systems slavery, Jim Crow Laws, and mass incarceration. She asserts that racial separation has not gone away but rather morphed into present mass incarceration. Racial segregation has taken a new form and exists in prison systems and in socio-economic ways Caste system locks people up literally virtually. Alexander writes, â€Å"Jim Crow and mass incarceration have similar political origins. As described in chapter 1, both caste systems were born, inRead More Raising the Dropout Age Essay1421 Words   |  6 PagesChildren are told from a young age that it is mandatory for them to graduate from high school, but it’s not until they are on the verge of dropping out that they hear the importance for staying in school. It is also when they hear how high school students who dropouts learn the incredible price to pay in the future when they give up on an education. Thinking with a teenage state of mind and trying to take the easy way out they go straight for a GED, which is told to be an equivalent earning of a

Human Resource Planning of Firm Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Planning of Firm. Answer: Discussion The firms decision to hire the Feeling Better Child-Care would be very fruitful in future especially if its controlled and coordinated with a lot of sensitivity as well as discipline (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). This is because of the following reasons; By doing this, the employees are able to carry out their responsibilities as required by the firm as their sick children are taken care of thus increased productivity resulting to growth of the firm. The employees remain loyal to the firms welfare as they are aware that their main emergency need of dealing with their sick children is taken care of thus the firm remains relevant in the engineering sector for a longer period. This makes the human resource manager within the firm to have an easier and fruitful time in managing the employees in terms of their presence and motivation to help increase their level of productivity important for the firms growth. References Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014). Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers.

Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum for Aircraft an Example of the Topic Economics Essays by

Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum for Aircraft Abstract Because of the dramatic increase in air traffic over the past decade, aviation organizations in the United States and other internationally based counterparts find ways to prevent congestion on routes with high traffic incidents. In order to do this, RVSM is proposed. RVSM or Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum is the reduction of the vertical separation from current 2,000-ft. minimum to 1,000-ft. minimum of the FL 290. After a thorough study, the ICAO Review of General Concept of Separation Panel (RGCSP) concluded that it is technically feasible to implement the 1,000-ft. separation standard safely (Federal Aviation Administration [FAA], 2005). Since its implementation, there is a remarkable 28% decline on operational errors in the airspace in which RVSM is applied. Also, fuel costs are decreasing significantly due to more efficient altitudes at which the planes are flying. Not only that, there is a reduction in the number of conflicts; situations wherein a plane has to move laterally or vertically as ordered by the controller (Federal Aviation Administration [FAA], 2008). These results suggest that the new separation standard of 1,000-ft. minimum besides being as safe is more effective than that of the previous vertical separation of 2,000-ft. minimum. Need essay sample on "Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum for Aircraft" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum for Aircraft Our Customers Often Tell EssayLab professionals: Who wants to write paper for me? Specialists suggest: Find Brilliant Papers For Sale Here In 1988, ICAO completed a study that concluded the feasibility of the safe implementation of the 1000-ft. separation standard. The study was conducted due to the arising problem of flight- level congestion in airspaces with high traffic incidents. Before the RSVM implementation, the standard vertical separation for altitudes between 29,000 and 41,000 is 2,000-ft (FAA, 2008). The pressure altimeters accuracy decreases with height and this instrument is used in aircrafts to determine their level, so that is why the standard vertical separation implemented before was 2,000-ft. But over the years, when altimeters were combined with air data computers (ADC), they become more accurate. Maintaining a set level using autopilots is also more easier nowadays. These developments led to question the 2,000-ft. separation for many modern aircrafts. Given the technology nowadays, it became apparent that the existing separation standard is too cautious. Therefore the proposal to reduce it to 1,000-f t. was made by ICAO. Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) between FL 290 FI 410 has already been implemented in European Airspace since January 24, 2002. The purpose of this is to prevent flight-level congestions, thus optimizing flight profiles (Jeppesen Sanderson, Incorporated [JSI], 2000). In North America, RSVM airspace has only been implemented recently (ARINC Incorporated, 2008). Approval for RVSM Operations Before an aircraft can have the permission to operate within the EUR RVSM Airspace, it would have to pass the standards of the RVSM first. In order to have the approval of the responsible authority, the aircraft operators need to achieve two things. First is that granted all types of aircraft have received airworthiness approval. Meaning each one of them has complied with Minimum Aircraft System Performance Specification (MASPS). Second is the states approval regarding the operations manual together with the maintenance procedures, which are specific to the operations of RVSM (JSI, 2000). There are exclusions from the RVSM MASPS such as state aircraft. But they can still be accommodated within the EUR RVSM Airspace with the provision that the 2000-ft. minimum vertical separation between such aircraft and all other IFR aircraft is maintained by ATC. STS/NONRVSM is filled by state aircraft for special handling request in Field 18 of the ICAO FPL (JSI, 2000). Height Monitoring Principles There are two types of equipments used to monitor the height keeping performance of aircraft in the EUR RVSM Airspace. These two are the Height Monitoring Units (HMUs), with a coverage of 45 NM and GPS Monitoring Units (GPUs). HMUs are fixed ground based height-monitoring facilities at Linz (N48 12 E014 18), Nattenheim (N49 57 E006 28) and Geneva (N46 22 E005 56). Without action from aircraft operators, these equipments can monitor passing aircraft by themselves. On the other hand, GMUs are portable monitoring units. They are carried onboard the aircraft to supplement HMUs. Also, they monitor aircraft which are not normally flying over HMUs (JSI, 2000). Participation in the monitoring program is a requirement to all RVSM compliant aircraft. For their height to be monitored, aircraft can request a re routing in some instances. RVSM Procedures in Transition Areas The task of handling the transition of aircraft from an RVSM to a non-RVSM environment and vice-versa has been designated to a number of FIR/UIRs in the EUR RVSM Airspace. Under special procedures, ATC is allowed to transition both RVSM and non RVSM Civil and State aircraft within this EUR RVSM Transition Airspace". So a change from Conventional Flight Levels to RVSM Flight Levels And vice versa should be expected by the flight crews. For those non-RVSM aircraft and any other aircraft, the ATC will continue to provide a 2,000-ft vertical separation minimum (VSM) (JSI, 2000). Aircraft Equipment The Minimum Equipment List (MEL) fulfilling the MASPS has two components. The first one is the two independent altitude measurement systems, each equipped with cross-coupled static/source system with ice protection. This is for instances wherein they will be located in areas which have plenty of ice; display of the computed pressure altitude to the flight crew; digital encoding of the displayed altitude; signals referenced to a pilot selected altitude for automatic altitude control and alerting, and static source error connection. The second is, one SSR transponder with an altitude reporting system in use for altitude keeping. Third is an altitude alerting system and last is an automatic altitude control system (JSI, 2000). Flight Planning This step requires greater attention compared to the others. Particular attention should be paid by the flight crew since some conditions may affect operation in RVSM airspace. So the flight crew must first verify that the aircraft is indeed RVSM approved, like it complies with the MEL. Second is that they should analyze the reported and forecast weather that may affect RVSM requirements like turbulence, icing, etc. Finally, they must review the manufacturer and the operators restrictions concerning RVSM operations. According to ICAO guidelines, for FPL, if the aircraft is RVSM approved, the letter W should be inserted in Field 10. For RPL on the other hand, if the aircraft is RVSM approved regardless of the requested FL, the letter W" should be inserted in the Item EQPT, if not, still it should be inserted in the ITEM EQPT for RPL (JSI, 2000). It should be noted that the insertion of W" in item 10 of the flight plan does not necessarily mean that an RVSM FL can be planned in European airspace or that an RVSM FL can be requested by the pilot unless this is explicitly promulgated by a State for operation in the airspace of the State, not until January 24, 2002. Pre-flight Procedures Before flying, the flight crews should check the condition of the equipment for RVSM operations and make sure that maintenance actions have been taken to correct defects; they should also take note of the condition of static sources and make sure of the accurateness of the altimeter by setting the QNH or the QFE. To check if it is working properly, the reading should agree with the altitude of the apron or the zero height indication within a 75 ft. (23m) tolerance (JSI, 2000). In flight Procedures During the flight, all the required equipments must be monitored to ensure satisfactory operation before and within RVSM airspace. When changing levels, the aircraft should not overshoot or under-shoot the cleared flight level by more than 150 ft. or 45 m. The automatic altitude control system shall be engaged during level cruise by reference to one of the two altimeters. If fitted, the altitude capture feature shall be used whenever possible for the level off. Also, cross checks of the primary altimeters shall be made at intervals of approximately one hour. These primary altimeters shall agree within 200 ft. or 60 m. The failure to meet these conditions will require the altimetry system to be reported as defective and immediately notified to ATC. An initial check shall be recorded just before entering the EUR RVSM Airspace (JSI, 2000). The intention of RVSM is to allow aircrafts to optimize flight profiles, decrease costs of fuel and avoid congestion in airspace with high traffic incidents (FAA, 2008). Since its implementation, it has enhanced air traffic control flexibility like routing around storms, helped in mitigating conflict points, enhanced volume of aircraft that can be accommodated in a given sector and reduced controller workload like reduced vectoring and flight level changes (FAA, 2005). Contingency Procedures In case of failure in equipment, bad weather, too much turbulence, the pilot shall notify the ATC immediately because these can affect the ability of the aircraft to maintain the cleared level or the RVSM requirements. When this happens, the role of the ATC is to make sure that safe separation is maintained which usually means a reversion to the 2,000-ft. minimum. Now, when the pilot was assigned an altitude deviation of 90-ft by the ATC, he should return to the cleared level as soon as possible. For communication trouble, an established procedure is available to the pilot for him to follow (JSI, 2000). Research tells us that RVSM has helped resolved problems with air traffic, fuel costs and system operations among others, so it is clear to see that this reduction in the vertical separation standard is something that should have been done a long time ago. With groundbreaking developments such as this, flying has never been more wonderful! References ARINC Incorporated. (2008). Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) Services. Federal Aviation Administration. (2005). Domestic Reduced Vertical SeparationMinimum (DRVSM). July 10, 2008. Federal Aviation Administration. (2008). Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum. July 10, 2008, from http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/enroute/rvsm/ Jeppesen Sanderson, Incorporated. (2000). Implementation of Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) between FL 290 and FI 410 within European Airspace. July 10, 2008.